This Advanced Introduction provides a clear and accessible guide to the essential elements of environmental compliance and enforcement programs. It examines compliance programs designed to assist regulated entities in meeting their obligations, as well as enforcement tools designed to address non-compliance - such as administrative, civil judicial, and criminal enforcement. Offering an insightful overview of this important area, Lee Paddock highlights recent developments that are changing the way compliance and enforcement work is practiced.

Key features include:

• a review of how the role of criminal enforcement has evolved
• discussion of traditional compliance monitoring and the role of citizen science
• examination of the increasing importance of private environmental governance, and the role that government agencies can play in supporting these practices
• exploration of the need to consider “next generation” and “smart regulation” strategies.

This concise and nuanced book will be a key resource for students and scholars of environmental law and politics, criminal law and justice and international policy, as well as environmental enforcement professionals worldwide.