Future NATO Enlargement

Force Requirements and Budget Costs

Past NATO enlargement helped produce a Europe whole, free, and at peace, but future enlargement, facing a hostile Russia, could require billions of dollars in additional defense spending. NATO and the United States should weigh these costs in future enlargement decisions.

Past NATO enlargement helped create a Europe whole, free, and at peace, but future enlargement, should it occur, faces a hostile and militarily revitalized Russia. This report examines the military requirements and resulting budget costs of extending NATO’s Article 5 commitment to countries such as Ukraine, Georgia, or Bosnia-Herzegovina, which are actively seeking NATO membership, and Sweden and Finland, about which there has been analysis and speculation about membership. Costs to the United States range from $11 billion per year to defend Ukraine to half a billion dollars or less to defend Sweden. The project recommends that NATO incorporate force requirements and cost considerations into its future decisionmaking.

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