The Three Faces of Labor

Uncovering the Hidden Ties Among Gender, Race, and Class
From the author of Cannibal Capitalism: how might a reconstructed conception of labor embrace struggles against gender and racial oppression?
The Three Faces of Labor develops an expansive account of oppression and solidarity under capitalism. Nancy Fraser argues that capitalist societies depend on three analytically distinct yet structurally interdependent forms of labor: exploited, expropriated, and domestic labor. On this basis, she asks whether anti-racist and anti-imperialist struggles can be understood as unrecognized labor struggles - and whether feminist movements, too, should be seen as conflicts over work in societies organized around a gendered separation of paid "productive" labor and unpaid care work.

Fraser's analysis is inspired by a claim advanced by W. E. B. Du Bois in Black Reconstruction. There, Du Bois characterized abolition as a labor movement and argued that US history would have taken a different course had anti-slavery forces allied with movements of free white wage workers. The failure of these "two labor movements" to recognize one another, he contended, foreclosed the possibility of a labor democracy and set the United States on the path toward plutocracy.

Theoretically ambitious and historically informed, The Three Faces of Labor extends Du Bois's insight to the present and to a global scale, arguing that a reconstructed conception of labor could help to form a counterhegemonic bloc capable of embracing multiple emancipatory movements without hierarchizing or homogenizing them.

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