{"product_id":"9780674991736-julian-volume-iii","title":"Julian, Volume III","description":"\u003cmeta content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\" http-equiv=\"Content-Type\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLetters. Epigrams. Against the Galilaeans. Fragments\u003cbr\u003eThe surviving works of the Roman Emperor Julian “the Apostate” (331 or 332–363 CE) include eight \u003ci\u003eOrations\u003c\/i\u003e; \u003ci\u003eMisopogon\u003c\/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003eBeard-hater\u003c\/i\u003e), assailing the morals of the people of Antioch; more than eighty \u003ci\u003eLetters\u003c\/i\u003e; and fragments of \u003ci\u003eAgainst the Galileans\u003c\/i\u003e, written mainly to show that the Old Testament lacks evidence for the idea of Christianity.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe emperor who renounced Christianity.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eJulian  (Flavius Claudius Iulianus) “the Apostate,” Roman Emperor, lived AD 331  or 332 to 363. Born and educated in Constantinople as a Christian,  after a precarious childhood he devoted himself to literature and  philosophy and became a pagan, studying in various Greek cities. In 355  his cousin Emperor Constantius called him from Athens to the court at  Milan, entitled him “Caesar,” and made him governor of Gaul. Julian  restored Gaul to prosperity and good government after the ravages of the  Alamanni (he overthrew them at the battle of Strassburg in 357) and  other Germans. Between 357 and 361 Julian’s own soldiers, refusing to  serve in the East at Constantius’ orders, nearly involved Julian in war  with Constantius—who, however, died in 361, making Julian sole Emperor  of the Roman world. He began many reforms and proclaimed universal  toleration in religion but pressed for the restoration of the older  pagan worships. In 362–363 he prepared at Constantinople and then at  Antioch for his expedition against Persia ruled by Shapur II. He died of  a wound received in desperate battle.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Julian’s surviving works (lost are his \u003ci\u003eCommentaries\u003c\/i\u003e on his western campaigns), all in Greek, are given in the Loeb Classical Library in three volumes. The eight \u003ci\u003eOrations\u003c\/i\u003e  (1–5 in Volume I, 6–8 in Volume II) include two in praise of  Constantius, one praising Constantius’ wife Eusebia, and two  theosophical hymns (in prose) or declamations, of interest for studies  in neo-Platonism, Mithraism, and the cult of the Magna Mater in the  Roman world. \u003ci\u003eMisopogon\u003c\/i\u003e (“Beard-hater”), in Volume II, assails the morals of people in Antioch; the\u003ci\u003e Letters\u003c\/i\u003e  (more than eighty), in Volume III, include edicts or rescripts, mostly  about Christians, encyclical or pastoral letters to priests, and private  letters. Lastly in Volume III are the fragments of the work \u003ci\u003eAgainst the Galilaeans\u003c\/i\u003e (the Christians), written mainly to show that evidence for the idea of Christianity is lacking in the Old Testament.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Rarewaves","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56449699643766,"sku":"9780674991736","price":24.61,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0092\/7504\/8033\/files\/orig_41159839_e7e38bc6-0217-4845-9192-f1bd04fb972a.jpg?v=1778128269","url":"https:\/\/www.rarewaves.com\/products\/9780674991736-julian-volume-iii","provider":"Rarewaves.com","version":"1.0","type":"link"}